<language> (APL) A language designed originally by Ken Iverson at <a href="">Harvard Universitya> in 1957-1960 as a notation for the concise expression of mathematical <a href="">algorithmsa>. It went unnamed (or just called <a href="">Iverson's Languagea>) and unimplemented for many years. Finally a subset, APL360, was implemented in 1964. APL is an <a href="">interactivea> <a href="">array-orienteda> language and programming environment with many innovative features. It was originally written using a non-standard <a href="">character seta>. It is <a href="">dynamically typeda> with <a href="">dynamic scopea>. APL introduced several functional forms but is not {purely functional}. <a href="">Dyadic Systemsa> <a href="">APL/Wa> is one of the languages that will be available under <a href="">Microsofta>'s <a href="">.NETa> initative. <a href="">ISO 8485a> is the 1989 standard defining the language. Versions: APL360, APL SV, <a href="">Dyalog APLa>, VS APL, Sharp APL, Sharp APL/PC, APL*PLUS, APL*PLUS/PC, APL*PLUS/PC II, MCM APL, Honeyapple, DEC APL, Cognos {<a href="http://apl2000.com/">APL2000 (http://apl2000.com/)a>}, IBM <a href="">APL2a>. See also <a href="">Kamin's interpretersa>. <a href="">APLWEBa> translates <a href="">WEBa> to <a href="">APLa>. <a href="">Dijkstraa> said that APL was a language designed to perfection - in the wrong direction. ["A Programming Language", Kenneth E. Iverson, Wiley, 1962]. ["APL: An Interactive Approach", 1976]. (2004-02-13)

<language> An <a href="">APLa> extension from <a href="">IBMa> with nested <a href="">arraysa>. ["APL2 Programming: Language Reference", IBM, Aug 1984. Order No. SH20-9227-0]. (1995-11-29)

<language> Arguably the current (2001) market-leading implementation of <a href="">APLa>, from <a href="">Dyalog Limiteda>. Dyalog APL runs under <a href="">Windows 95a>, <a href="">Windows 98a>, <a href="">Windows NTa>, and <a href="">Windows 2000a>; and several popular <a href="">UNIXa> systems including <a href="">Linuxa>. Dyalog APL complies with <a href="">ISO 8485a> and has many features that make it good for complex <a href="">GUIa> applications. Dyalog APL was introduced in 1983 and is currently (2002) in active development. (2003-11-17)

<a href="">A Programming Languagea>

APL (named after the book A Programming Language) is a programming language developed in the 1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson. Its central datatype is the multidimensional array. It uses a large range of special graphic symbols to represent most functions and operators, leading to very concise code. It has been an important influence on the development of concept modeling, spreadsheets, functional programming, and computer math packages. It has also inspired several other programming languages.

A programming language is any set of rules that converts strings, or graphical program elements in the case of visual programming languages, to various kinds of machine code output. Programming languages are one kind of computer language, and are used in computer programming to implement algorithms.

<language> A formal language in which computer programs are written. The definition of a particular language consists of both <a href="">syntaxa> (how the various symbols of the language may be combined) and <a href="">semanticsa> (the meaning of the language constructs). Languages are classified as low level if they are close to <a href="">machine codea> and high level if each language statement corresponds to many machine code instructions (though this could also apply to a low level language with extensive use of <a href="">macrosa>, in which case it would be debatable whether it still counted as low level). A roughly parallel classification is the description as <a href="">first generation languagea> through to <a href="">fifth generation languagea>. The other major classification of languages distinguishes between <a href="">imperative languagesa>, <a href="">procedural languagea> and <a href="">declarative languagesa>. {<a href="http://levenez.com/lang/history.html">Programming languages time-line/family tree (http://levenez.com/lang/history.html)a>}. (2004-05-17)

The A-0 system (Arithmetic Language version 0), written by Grace Murray Hopper in 1951 and 1952 for the UNIVAC I, was an early compiler related tool developed for electronic computers.Hopper "Keynote Address", Sammet pg.

Probabilistic programming (PP) is a programming paradigm in which probabilistic models are specified and inference for these models is performed automatically.

Quantum programming is the process of assembling sequences of instructions, called quantum circuits, that are capable of running on a quantum computer. Quantum programming languages help express quantum algorithms using high-level constructs.